GALL MITE

I guess before we start on a war we, the fuchsia growers, need to know what we are fighting.  Here are a few pictures that first shows the little devil who is our enemy,  then we have some pictures of what he does

             
The Gall Mite

    
HERE IS THE RESULTS OF HIS WORK

INFORMATION  ABOUT MITE RESISTANT FUCHSIAS;

Before I start to pass on information on gall mite resistant fuchsias let me give credit where credit is due.  The following article was given to me by a wonderful lady named Regine Plows of Fort Bragg California.  She got much of her information from Dr. Peter Baye of San Francisco, California.  She is the one I credit with hooking my wife on Fuchsias.  She and her nursery is well known on the west coast for her fuchsias, orchirds, begonias, and other plants.
 

The following fuchsia hybrids seem to be resistant to gall mite damage.  Some represents the first step towards breeding a new line of fuchsias.  No large-flowered or double varieties exist as yet.

        BABY CHANG                                       ISIS
        BABY TWO STEP                                  LECHLADE CHINAMAN
        BERG NIMF                                            LECHLADE GORGON
        CAMPO HATCHBACH                          LOTTIE HOBBY
        CAMPO MOLINA                                  LEVERKUSEN
        CAMPO SPACH                                     MASON'S TINY TOTS
        CAMPO THILCO                                    MENDOCINO MINI
        CAMPO VICTRIX                                   MIEP AALHUIZEN
        CHANCE ENCOUNTER                         PROVE THYSELF
        CORAL BABY                                         RED FANLING
        FABIAN FRANCK                                  SCARLET RIBBONS
        FANFARE                                                STRYBING'S PEACH
        FIRST SUCCESS                                     SPACE SHUTTLE
        GOODNESS GRACIOUS                        TARRA VALLEY
        GRAND CAMPO SPACH                        STRYBING'S SPECIOSA
        HARFARE CHINOOK                             THINK PINK
        HINNERIKE                                             VARIEGATED LOTTIE HOBBY

RUDDY RODNEY MENDONOMA BELLE

The following is a listing of Mite resistant Fuchsia Species again from Regine Plowes of Fort Bragg;
All of the F. magellanicas and its hybrids are very mite prone, however, no damage was ever reported on:

F.ayavacenses, F. bolivana, F boliviana alba, F. brevilobis, F. campos-partoi, F. cinerea, F.x colensoe, F denticulata, F. denticulata var.' Strybing's Improved`, F. denticulata var. ~Blush Fandent', F. dependens, F. excorticata, F. excorticata var. purpurea,  F. fulgens, F. fulgens var. rubra grandiflora, F. gehrigeri, F. glazioviana, F. hartwegii, F. hatchbachii, F. jumenezia, lycioides, F. mathewsiio, F. membranacea, F. microphylla ssp, quercertorum, F. petiolaris, F. procumbens, F. raveni, F. regia var. alpestris, F. scabriuscula, F. simpliciaulis, F. spelendens, F. tillentiana, F. venusta, F. vulcanica.

If you would like to try some mite resistant Fuchsias or to talk further with Regine about fuchsias and the mite. She is located in Fort Bragg and here phone number is 707-964-0183 and her e-mail is Paphlady@AOL.com.  Let me forewarn you that if you talk with her much about fuchsias she will cause you to be hooked on them for life.  I am speaking as a voice of experience.  We sold our home and moved to the coast to raise fuchsias after a few trips to Regine’s in Fort Bragg.
 

Gall MITE RESISTANT per Antonelli

Cara Mia Hang Basket

Daisy Bell " " Heat Tolr.

Hidcote Beauty " " Single

Lena " " Heat Tolr.

Mary Fairclo " " Heat Tolr. Single

Microphylla ty " " species

San Francisco " " Single

Texas Long Horn " " Heat tolr.

Brevilopis Upright Species single

Campos Portoi Upright Species

Chicadee Upright single

Chang Upright single heat tolr

Curly Q Upright single

Denticulata Upright Species

Fulgens Upright Species

Galfry Upright

Glazioviana Upright Species

Little Ronnie Upright semi double

Mary Upright Single heat tolr

Matthensll Upright Species

Netalla Upright Species heat tolr

Non Pareil Upright

Other Fellow Upright Species heat tolr

Panylla Prince Upright single

Sancta-Rosae Upright Species

Tangerine Upright Single heat tolr

Breeding gall mite-resistant Fuchsia hybrids
at Strybing Arboretum: Update 2001
Peter Baye
baye@earthlink.net



The following is an update of the long-term breeding program for fuchsias resistant to fuchsia gall mite and suitable for landscaping in coastal California. This breeding program is a contribution of Strybing Arboretum and Botanical Garden, San Francisco, California, to rehabilitate the outdoor cultivation of fuchsias. The information below is condensed from slide talks hosted by chapters of the American Fuchsia Society in the San Francisco Bay area. Horticultural information on the species and hybrids listed below is based mostly on the last several years of their growth at various locations, including the immediate California coast (Sunset Zone 17), fog-free coastal mountains (Sunset Zone 15), with some anecdotal reports from more extreme climates.

1. Overview: Fuchsia species in the section Quelusia with horticultural uses
Quelusia is a section of the genus Fuchsia (a group of related species) with reddish tubes and sepals and purplish corollas. A diagnostic trait of this section other than floral pigmentation is the relatively long sepal (at least as long as the floral tube). Most Quelusia species are from Brazil; a few are from Chile and elsewhere in southern South America. Quelusia includes some of the principal ancestors of classic garden hybrid fuchsias. The wild Brazilian Quelusia species are generally adapted to resist to fuchsia gall mite injury, and lack the acute gall symptoms when infested.

Fuchsia magellanica - one of the principal ancestors of traditional garden hybrid fuchsias; a shrubby Chilean species highly susceptible to fuchsia gall mite. Classic old fuchsia hybrids are derived from a melange of hybrids with Section Ellobium (F. splendens [=F. "cordifolia"), F. fulgens), F. magellanica, and to a lesser extent, F. regia and other species. The pale lavender-white form once called "variety molinae" or cv. 'Alba' is not taxonomically distinct, but is horticulturally distinctive.

Fuchsia regia - a large climbing (liana) Brazilian fuchsia, quite resistant to the (also Brazilian) fuchsia gall mite. Flowers are relatively large, and the growth habit is that of a rampant liana. It can be forced into a shrub form with much pruning effort. Many or most "regias" in commercial trade recently in California are mislabeled F. hatschbachii. F. regia was a small part of the original melange of fuchsia hybrids early in its horticultural breeding history, and was returned to hybridization in recent decades. It is resistant to fuchsia gall mite. Some, not all, of its hybrids exhibit resistance to fuchsia gall mite.

Fuchsia campos-portoi - a low, shrubby, high montane Fuchsia (found above treeline, in a heath-like vegetation) with small flowers and leaves, rhizomes and suckers. It has a much-branched, ascending slender growth form, but produces rhizomes (creeping sucker shoots) which spread vegetatively like spearmint. This species is relatively rare, occurring in a narrow geographic area in Brazil. Its gall mite-resistance, as well as other less desirable traits, tend to dominate in its hybrids. Many or most "campos-portois" in retail nurseries recently are its mislabeled hybrid 'Campo Thilco'.

Fuchsia hatschbachii - a willowy fuchsia with long, unbranched arching to semi-climbing shoots, glossy, lance-shaped, large leathery leaves, curved floral tubes, and partially fused sepals; overall, reminscent of F. regia, with which it is sometimes confused. It can be distinguished from F. regia by the nearly sessile leaves (extremely short leafstalk) and willow-like, narrow, lance-shaped, glossy leaves. It grows at relatively low latitudes on limestone soils in Brazil. It is resistant to fuchsia gall mite, and some, but not all, of its hybrids are as well. Recently it has appeared in retail nurseries mislabeled as F. regia. It is resistant to fuchsia gall mite, as are many of its hybrids.

Fuchsia glazioviana - A remarkable species with exceptional garden value. In bright sun in cool coastal California climates, it grows as a low, spreading shrub with thick (nearly leathery), light-green, slightly glossy small evergreen leaves, closely spaced. In shade, either the whole plant or individual shoots will form long "vine" (liana) shoots which grow up and through adjacent shrubs. When the shaded vine-shoot reaches bright light, it branches profusely and reverts it its shrubby habit, perching a fuchsia shrub on top of another species' shrub or tree. The flowers are deep pink and purple, and are prolific from early spring to fall. The most widely grown clone has stiff pedicels (flower-stalks) that hold the flower out at an angle. It is resistant to fuchsia gall mite, as are some of its hybrids. It is now widely available in retail trade, and deservedly so.

2. Strybing Quelusia hybrids

'Campo Thilco' - A seedling of F. campos-portoi, confirmed by repeated crosses as F. campos-portoi x magellanica. This is the first of the mite-resistant Strybing hybrid fuchsias, and perhaps the most useful for landscaping. It bears prolific flowers and is gall mite-resistant. With its long bloom period, and frost-tolerance, it is easily grown, and a good mite-resistant surrogate for F. magellanica, which it closely resembles in flower. It is also rust-resistant. 'Campo Thilco' has the suckering habit of F. campos-portoi, and can spread like spearmint when mature. Now found in the wholesale and retail nursery trade, it is sometimes erroneously labeled as one of its parent species, F. campos-portoi, from which it is readily distinguished by the spreading, larger sepals of its magellanica-type flowers. 'Campo Thilco' is suitable as a hedge or shrub to replace gall-mite infested Fuchsia magellanica specimens. It can be grown as a perennial in frosty climates. Quite hardy in Sunset zone 15, even in hard frost pockets (lowlands with hard freezes), and probably in much colder areas as well. More reports of cold hardiness (or lack thereof) would be welcome.

'Campo Moline' - A selection of a very uniform cross between F. campos-portoi x F. magellanica cv. 'Alba' (= "var. molinae"). Like 'Campo Thilco', but a larger, heavier-wooded shrub that develops a thicker, taller trunk. Overall, more similar to a small-leaved F. magellanica. Not quite as floriferous as 'Campo Thilco', but equal to F. magellanica. Resistant to gall mite and rust.

'Campo Victrix' - F. campos-portoi x 'Venus Victrix'. The parent 'Venus Victrix' is an old hybrid very close to F. magellanica, but lacking wild-type genes for pigment development in tubes and sepals, as well as lack of resistance to leaf rust. Its hybrid 'Campo Victrix' has intermediate floral pigmentation and form: multicolor small flowers (greenish sepal tips, pale pink sepals, darker pink tubes) have unusual "tubes" which are nearly spherical. Flowers are typically born three to a node. The progeny of this cross had variable "dilution" of pigmentation in tubes and sepals, and 'Campo Victrix' is useful for breeding with flower colors other than deep pink and purple into gall mite-resistant strains. Unfortunately, some of the progeny of 'Campo Victrix' also inherit some reduced resistance to leaf rust, even though most are quite resistant to gall mite

'Campo Victrix' x 'Lye's Unique' crosses

'Galfrey Lye' - One of the first successful crosses between classic garden hybrid fuchsias and mite-resistant Quelusia species hybrids, which expressed "classic" garden hybrid fuchsia form and color. 'Galfrey Lye' has a prevalence of 'Lye' traits, but smaller leaves. Flowers have exceptionally long, lax pedicels (stalks), white tubes and sepals (light blush), and deep smoky carmine-pink petals. It blooms very early, and flowers are produced in abundance (usually 3 to 6 per node). Stems are wine-red, with lax arching habit adaptable as lax-upright or trailing. Gall symptoms reduced to leaf surface deformation and shoot tip abortion, both infrequent. Not resistant to leaf rust, but far more so than 'Venus Victrix'. Quite frost-hardy; one of the first fuchsias to refoliate after freezes, and new growth holds up after repeated late winter-spring frosts in the mid-20o F range in shade.

'Galfrey Blush' - Sibling of 'Galfrey Lye': flowers are similar to 'Galfrey Lye', but sepals have contrasting light pink tips, fading to white to blush-white tubes. The foliage is lighter green, and the habit is strongly self-branching, lax-upright. It blooms later than 'Galfrey Lye', mostly on branches on older wood and larger plants. It is strongly resistant to both gall mite (like 'Galfrey Lye') and leaf rust. Not quite as floriferous as 'Galfrey Lye'. Frost-hardiness is similar to 'Galfrey Lye'.

'Alta' - Taller, relatively unbranched 'Campo Victrix' x 'Lye's Unique' sibling, but with larger deep pink flowers (darker smoky-pink petals). Habit is upright but unbranched, with few lateral shoots. Strongly resistant to gall-mite, fairly resistant to rust.

'Miri' - Moderate in size, with slightly watercolor-washed pink tube and sepals fading to greenish sepal tips; dark smoky pink petals. Leaves are serrate, bronze-purplish to green, and unfortunately susceptible to rust. Strongly resistant to gall mite.

'Corallina' x hatschbachii crosses

'Turner Matthew' - Flowers larger than those of either parent, with long, slender tubes and sepals. Flower production intermediate between parents. The growth habit is coarse, with lax to trailing (when young) or arching (mature) shoots and very large leaves. Foliage is similar to 'Corallina' in color, but flowers are very large, narrow and slender. Resistant to leaf rust and gall mite.

'Kyle Peter' - This looks more like a sibling of 'Corallina', but sepals are recurved, and leaves are smaller and more leathery. It has the look of a very old garden fuchsia, showy but showing its wild ancestry. Flowering is prolific, with up to 4 nodes flowering at once, each with 3 flowers. The bloom period is long. Growth similar to 'Corallina', but young plants may initially try to trail before producing tall, arching stout woody shoots. Leaves are slightly folded upwards; stems are purple-red, leaves dark green flushed purple. Relatively resistant to gall mite: galls are very infrequent or lacking under high infestation pressure, and don't develop much; very soft young growth produced when water and fertilizer is lush may develop a few galls. It is completely rust-resistant.

'Isaac Rowan' - Like a compact 'Corallina', also similar to 'Angel's Earrings', but a shrub, and slower-growing. It exhibits some of the prolific bloom and leaf leatheriness of F. hatschbachii. Apparently gall mite-resistant, and rust resistant.

Other Strybing Arboretum fuchsia hybrids resistant to fuchsia gall mite

'Porphyrio' (F. 'Campo Thilco' x regia) - Large, vigorous arching, much-branched shrub, purplish foliage, quickly reaching 9 feet tall. It combines the rampant growth of F. regia with the profuse branching and purplish pigmentation of 'Campo Thilco'. Blooms mostly on branches of older wood, so flowering really commences the second year after transplanting. The bloom season is late, usually beginning mid-summer to winter. The handsome purplish foliage and architecture of the plant is an aesthetic asset which offsets its shorter bloom period. This is a large, robust landscaping shrub, not a tame container subject. It is resistant, but not completely immune, to gall mite: galls are very infrequent under high infestation pressure, occurring with low frequency and limited development on soft new growth. It is completely rust-resistant.

[unnamed: 'Voltaire' X F. regia] - Testing two robust seedlings which came of this relatively infertile cross in 2000. Replicated clones have been challenged with fuchsia gall mite indoors under lights through the winter of 2001, but no symptoms have developed. Dark purplish-green leaves are similar to 'President', but with contrasting vein color. Flowers have not yet formed, but if leaf size is a good indicator, this may be a good gall mite-resistant substitute for 'President'. 2001growing season will tell.

[unnamed: 'California' X 'Campo Victrix'] - Still testing 3 of 8 plants of this 1999 cross which appear to be gall mite-resistant. Flowers are warm pink to near coral. At issue is the flower production, which needs to be tested in suitable growing conditions lacking in 2000.

'Grand Harare' (F. 'Fanfare' x harlingii) - Needs a maritime or cloud forest climate, like most F. denticulata hybrids. Lax, erect/arching growth, dark green glossy leaves. Very long, fluted, orange tubes, very glossy; tubercled (warty), glossy short sepals tipped blackish green; dark smoky orange-red petals. For Sunset Zone 17 only.

'Dr. Mahoney' and 'Dr. Godronson' (F. 'Dominiyana' x denticulata) - a re-creation of a series of old Lemoine crosses ('Charles Darwin', 'Dr. Godron', 'Captain Boynton'...) with large, oval purplish leaves, huge scarlet waxy flowers on purple stems. Unlike 'Dominyana', these hybrids exhibit relatively high resistance to fuchsia gall mite (limited leaf surface deformation only) when grown in gall mite heaven, Golden Gate Park and vicinity. For Sunset zone 17 only.

'Strybing's Peach' (F. fulgens x splendens) - Unique pale yellow petals, peach tube and sepals, tipped green. Flowers appear in showy terminal panicles (large, branched clusters). Prolific flowering at the expense of vegetative vigor, and the shape of the plant is irregular; the shape and unique color of the flowers are the redeeming features.

F. denticulata 'Blush Fandent' (F. denticulata 'Strybing's Improved x self) - a mutant white-tube and green-tip sepal form of F. denticulata, flowering at the expense of vigor. Hard to propagate, and limited to maritime climates. A difficult specimen, also redeemed mostly by the unique flower color and shape. For Sunset zone 17 only.

3. Some gall mite-resistant fuchsia hybrids from outside Strybing Arboretum

'Miep Aalhuizen' (F. paniculata x venusta) - Spectacular panicles of lavender-rose flowers, combining the best of F. venusta and F. paniculata on large shrubs with large glossy leaves; tropical appearance; bred in Holland, but destined for the California coast. Perennial in Sunset zone 15, best in zone 17.
'Angel's Earrings' and 'Dainty Angel's Earrings' - These Japanese hybrids (hybridizer unknown to me) have met or exceeded Barney Gonsalves' high praise. They have unfortunately ordinary names for such splendid, gall mite-resistant, rust-resistant, vigorous, extremely floriferous, self-branching, heat-tolerant, trailing plants. Now widely available in retail trade, and well worth growing. Parentage is undisclosed, but the cultivars are clearly a section Quelusia species hybrid, probably F. regia X F. glazioviana, or hybrids involving them. They are readily trained as hanging baskets, topiary, and low, spreading shrubs; probably could be made into standards as well. I will attempt to repeat the cross between these suspected parent species to determine whether similar (unpatented!) plants result. The plants are quite fertile (many large purple-black berries), and they promise to be a great "stud fuchsias". They may produce some good non-patented "selfed" seedlings as well, and should be tried.

'Lechlade Gorgon' - a cross between closely related Section Schufia species, F. paniculata and F. arborescens, fortunately combining the best of each. The mature plant is more reminiscent of a lilac than a classic garden fuchsia, but the ornamental value is exceptional for Sunset zone 17 and 16.

'Fanfare' - A San Francisco/Berkeley hybrid from the 1940s, combining species which would today be referred to F. denticulata and probably F. austromontana. A large, climbing shrub with very large, long, waxy red flowers with orange-red tubes, for cool maritime climates. A spectacular plant when grown well. Best in Sunset zone 17 or 16, but works as a perennial or sub shrub in some zone 15 locations.

4. Some species cultivated in California which are usually resistant to fuchsia gall mite (exceptions may vary with individual genotypes of some species)

Fuchsia arborescens
Fuchsia x bacillaris (mistakenly labeled F. thymifolia in commerce; a few forms are susceptible to mite)
Fuchsia boliviana
Fuchsia campos-portoi
Fuchsia denticulata
Fuchsia fulgens (most strains are mite-resistant; a few hybrids are not)
Fuchsia hatschbachii (often mistakenly labeled F. regia in commerce; distinguished by sessile, leathery, lance-shaped leaves)
Fuchsia microphylla
Fuchsia paniculata
Fuchsia regia
Fuchsia splendens (most strains are mite-resistant; a few hybrids are not)

Most of these species, and many of the named hybrids described above (as well as their unnamed siblings) are planted in the Fuchsia Dell in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, between the Conservatory (Kew Gardens replica Victorian glasshouse) and Stanyan Street. Strybing Arboretum and U.C. Berkeley Botanical Gardens have important collections of fuchsia species. Labeling, unfortunately, is deficient in all these gardens. This list is not exhaustive, and includes only those species regularly found in retail nursery trade and in botanical garden sales by the general public along the California coast.

5. A note on fuchsia gall mite "resistance

Resistance to fuchsia gall mite is a quantitative response, not qualitative. It can be very misleading to describe a fuchsia as "resistant" or "susceptible" without qualification. There is much heritable (genetic) variation in the intensity of gall development among cultivars and hybrids. A provisional rank (numeric scale) classification for fuchsia gall mite which I have used for my own observations and notes is provided below. This system can also be modified for a relative quantitative scale, based on measurements of gall type and frequency compared with standardized susceptible reference cultivars.

Rank 1: no galls ever produced, regardless of infestation pressure or stage of growth or development. Full immunity. Examples: wild Fuchsia regia, F. hatschbachii, F. glazioviana, F. campos-portoi, F. denticulata, F. paniculata, others. 'Campo Thilco', 'Campo Moline', 'Angel's Earrings' and 'Dainty Angel's Earrings' are intermediate between this rank and Rank 2, but closer to Rank 1.

Rank 2: slight leaf surface deformation and shoot tip abortion of intact shoots, but no stem galls. Leaves and stems develop distinctly, with only superficial damage. Very infrequent and local development of superficially deformed foliage or aborted shoot tips. Healthy growth regenerates alongside affected growth. Frequency of affected shoots is very low compared with susceptible cultivars, even when gall mite infestations are abundant. This defines an intermediate range of resistance typical of mite-resistant (not immune) crosses between Brazilian Quelusia species and traditional garden hybrids. Examples: 'Campo Victrix', 'Galfrey Lye', Galfrey Blush'.

Rank 3: Very infrequent true leaf and stem gall of very limited and local development, mostly on "soft" new growth produced rapidly (much moisture and fertilizer). Individual leaves and stems become locally fused, disorganized, twisted, or curled (tearooms) under heavy infestation pressure, but only rarely, and without spread to the rest of the plant as a whole. Plants are normally gall-free, and infestations do not alter the ornamental appearance of plant in a landscape setting, requiring no treatment. Infestations self-correct. Example: 'Porphyrio'.

Rank 4: The range of almost all traditional garden hybrids with F. magellanica (and most true F. triply) ancestry belong in this rank. Gall mite populations spread readily over most growing points on the plant, causing disorganization of growth (galls: fusion of leaves and stems in twisted, curled tissue masses). Cultivars vary in the rate of spread (frequency of galls developed in a given amount of time), and the development of galls. Rank 4 could be divided into more sub-categories to distinguish the severity of gall symptoms, but Rank 4 is intended to distinguish cultivars which lose ornamental value when infested, and require special treatment and maintenance to achieve ornamental value in the landscape.

This ranking system may be useful for other fuchsia growers who wish to rate or communicate "resistance" to others. The unqualified term "resistant" can be misleading and equivocal, used in different ways by different growers.

Often, susceptible cultivars with strong F. cordifolia traits, such as 'Chang' and 'Baby Chang', and many old red-and-purple fuchsia hybrids with unusually thick leaves and waxy flowers, are either relatively slower to develop galls, or develop relatively few when infested. This, however, is not a reliable generalization. In contrast, some cultivars like 'Bon Accord' (= 'Erect Novelty') or 'Display', and many white-flowered cultivars, develop galls on almost every growing point if plants become infested at all. Some plants vary in resistance depending on growth rates: some F. cordifolia and F. fulgens hybrids are gall mite-resistant when growing slowly or in flower, but develop limited leaf gall symptoms when producing rapid, soft growth, such as after pruning, watering, and fertilizing.

There is only one diagnostic test for resistance to fuchsia gall mite. Fuchsias must be challenged with direct, repealed inoculation by young gall-mite infested fuchsia shoots, adjacent to indicator varieties which are known to be susceptible. I use Fuchsia magellanica and 'Bon Accorde' (= 'Upward Look') as indicator "control plants" because they appear to be good "magnets" for fuchsia gall mite, and develop galls readily. I use F. magellanica 'Alba' (= F. m. var. molinae) as a source plant for infested inoculum, because it survives infestation well, infests readily, but continues to grow vigorously and produce good supplies of infested material. Merely growing fuchsias in areas where gall mites are present cannot be used as a reliable test of resistance because of many chance factors which may affect the frequency of gall mite populations. For example, hummingbird activity, flower abundance, and temperatures may affect gall mite dispersal (spread) and population growth. It is also important to repeat inoculations throughout the entire growing season, and in all stages of fuchsia growth. Soft, rapid young growth is usually more susceptible to gall formation than is slow, woodier growth. Chance factors which may slow infestation are usually overcome by repeated or replicated inoculation trials (many "copies" test plants grown from cuttings).

I have tested a limited number of fuchsia cultivars for resistance, mostly Strybing hybrids. There are a few traditional hybrids such as 'Bell Buoy', which appear to be of "Rank 2" or "Rank 1" resistance. I suspect this may be due to chance expression of heritable traits from F. regia ancestors, or chance mutations. Not all F. regia hybrids are resistant (rank 1, 2, 3), but they may be the among the best prospects for testing. For breeding, F. campos-portoi seems to have the most "penetration" of resistance traits in subsequent hybrid generations, but it carries some hereditary liabilities, such as small leaf and flower size, and brushy, suckering growth habit (which, fortunately, can be lost in some second generation crosses). F. regia, F. hatschbachii, and F. glazioviana are good prospective parents of resistant hybrids, but they are not consistent: many of their hybrids, even in first-generation crosses among resistant species, can exhibit breakdown of gall mite resistance. Much replication and multiple generations of crosses will be needed to recombine and sort out selections with the best combinations of ornamental value and resistance to gall mite and foliar diseases. It is very encouraging to see this beginning to occur outside of Strybing Arboretum, particularly in recent introductions by some European hybridizers.
 

CULTIVARS HYBRIDIZED FOR GALL MITE RESISTANCE

In the 19^th century, only a handful of nurserymen-breeders generated a dazzling genetic legacy of fuchsias we now enjoy. I would suggest that the hundreds of amateur fuchsia growers today, working independently, could cumulatively accomplish even more by growing seed saved from mit e­resistant plants that are pollinated randomly among the rich varieties present in their gardens. "

Peter Baye, AFS Bulletin, September/October 2005

HYBRIDS BY DR. PETER BAYE, San Francisco Botanical Garden/Strybing Arboretum: Dr. Baye has been hybridizing fuchsias for the garden and testing for gall mite resistance for some ten years. Some have been deliberate crosses with others done by Mother Nature. In the Pacific Northwest, they will be tested for hardiness; most will probably do well.

Albrae- [Campo Hatschbach (F. campos-portoi x F. hatschbachii) x likely Campo Molina pollen parent- F2 open pollination]. S Lax. Red/Purple. F.magellanica blossom form. Easy to propagate as sticks. Probably hardy.

Alta- (Campo Victrix x Lye's Unique- sibling to Galfrey Lye & Galfrey Blush). S U, Deep pink/Smoky-pink; tall & unbranched plant. Strongly resistant; slight damage to leaves.

Arouet Fils- (Voltaire x Fregia subsp regia). S U. Red/Purple. Dark, purplish leaves with red veins.

Probably hardy. * Being propagated for nurseries.

Blush Fandent- (F. denticulata x). White tube, blush to white-green tips. Prolific bloom; not vigorous; hard to propagate with green tips.

Campo Molina (p. campos-portoi x F. magellanica 'Alba'). S Lax. Red/Purple. Small leaves; woody, tall plant that will spread by suckering. Immune; no galls form. Rust resistant.

Probably hardy.

Campopple- (Mrs. Popple x Campo Victrix). S Lax. Red/Purple. Strongly resistant; slight gall mite damage to leaves. Probably hardy.  Being propagated for nurseries.

Campo Thilco- (F. campos- portoi x F. magellanica). S Lax. Red/Purple. Prolific & long bloom period; easy. Immune to gall mite damage; no galls form. Hardy.

Campo Victor- sibling to Campo Victrix (see below) but lighter in color. Probably hardy.

Campo Victrix- (F. campos-portoi. xV enus Victrix). S Lax, Pale pink- green tips/Dark pink.  Spherical tubes. Flowers 3 per node. Strongly resistant; slight gall mite damage to leaves.  Rust resistant. Hardy.

Dell Campo Queen- (Campo Thilco x F. regia subsp. regia) S Lax. Red/Purple. Probably hardy.

Dr. Godronson- - (Dominyana x F. denticulata). S U. Scarlet. Large (larger than Dr. Mahoney), waxy flowers, reflexed sepals; purple stems; large, oval purplish leaves.  Strongly resistant; slight gall mite damage to leaves. Probably not hardy.

Dr. Mahoney- (Dominyana x F. denticulata). S U. Scarlet with pinkish highlights. Large, waxy flowers; purple stems; large, oval purplish leaves. Strongly resistant; slight damage to leaves. Probably not hardy.

Galfrey Blush- (Campo-Victrix x Lye's Unique- sibling to Galfrey Lye). S Lax. White flushed pink/Dusky carmine pink. Self-branching; light green foliage. Strongly resistant; slight gall mite damage.

Galfrey Lye- (Campo-Victrix x Lye's Unique- sibling to Galfrey Blush). S Lax. White- tipped pink/Dark carmine pink.  Long pedicels, wine red stems; early bloom; Strongly resistant; slight gall mite  damage.

Grand Barfare-, (Fanfare x F harlingii) S Lax. Orange tube/Orange- black-green tips/Dark, smoky orange-red; Long, fluted tubes, glossy sepals; dark green glossy leaves; probably frost tender. Erect, arching growth. Probably not hardy.

Barfare Chinook- (Fanfare x F harlingii) S Lax. Salmon-coral. Like Grand Harfare in shape and texture. Probably not hardy.

 Horicon- (California x Campo Victrix) S Lax. Medium pink-orange/Darker pink. Probably hardy.

 Issac Rowan- (Corallina x F hatschbachii). S Lax .. Red/Purple. Prolific bloom; slower growing, compact shrub. Probably hardy.

Jan Jolie- (F. regia x- pollen parent possibly Hanna- sibling to Ruddy Rodney). S Lax.Red/Purple.  Probably hardy.

Kyle Peter- (Corallina x F hatschbachii). S Lax. RedlPurple. Prolific, long bloom; recurved sepals; purple-red stems, purple flushed green, leathery leaves. Highly resistant- infrequent galls. Rust resistant. Probably hardy.

Mendonoma Belle- (Albrae x F. regia hybrid). S Lax. Red/Purple. Vigorous plant. Fully resistant.  Probably hardy. Being propagated for nurseries.

Miri- (Campo Victrix x Lye's Unique). S Lax. Tube- watercolor washed pink. Light pink­-green tips/ Dark smoky-pink. Medium height; serrated, bronze-purple leaves. Strongly resistant; slight damage to leaves.

Popplecorn- (Mrs. Popple x Campo Victrix- sibling of Campopple). S Lax. Red/Purple .. Sepals

            hug corolla. Strongly resistant; slight gall mite damage to leaves. Probably hardy.

Ruddy Rodney- (F. regia x- pollen parent possibly Hanna- open pollination-sibling to Jan Jolie).

S Lax. Dull red/White with pale red veins. Probably hardy.

Strybing's Peach,- S Lax. Peach tube & sepals/Pale yellow. (F. fulgens x F splendens ), terminal panicles with prolific bloom, not vigorous, irregular shape. Immune.

Strybing's Speciosa- Sibling to Strybings Peach. Darker red and more vigorous.

Trailing Starcross- (California x Campo Victrix- sibling to Horicon) ST. Medium warm pink/Darker pink. Probably hardy.

Turner Mathew- (Corallina x F hatschbachii). S Lax. Red/Purple. Larger flowers than either parent; long slender tubes & sepals; very large leaves, reddish foliage. Strongly resistant; slight damage to leaves. Probably h,ardy.

Cultivars by Mary Cooke, AFS member from Redwood City, California. Mary has been hybridizing for gall mite resistance for about 5 years. She anticipates some doubles and trailers and is registering them with AFS beginning-in 2006, starting with these two:  

Jim Lewark- (Campo Victor x Other Fellow) S Lax, white/orchid. Infrequent, self-limiting gall formation.

Elegant Rose- (Campo-Victor x Other Fellow) S Lax, shades of rose, sibling to Jim Lewark. Only occasional crinkling of a few leaves. * MARY COOKE'S HYBRIDS- 2006:

Key to specialist nurseries in the PNW and one in California that have some of these cultivars.

OUR MITE RESISTANT LISTING

 INDEX